Auditing 1. Assurance engagements and external audit Q)LM-ZJKQ
◇Materiality, true and fair presentation, reasonable assurance C\di 7 z:
Materiality is the magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in the light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement. An auditor must consider materiality both in (1) planning the audit and designing audit procedures and (2) evaluating audit results. wAxrc+
◇Appointment, removal and resignation of auditors aEWWFN
◇Types of opinion: standard unqualified opinion, Unqualified with additional explanatory language, qualified opinion, adverse opinion, disclaimer of opinion k&.Jk
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◇Professional ethics: independence, objectivity, integrity, professional competence, due care, confidentiality, professional behavior '*?WU_L(g
◇Engagement letter ;uW}`Q<
2. Planning and risk assessment "Q?k'^@
◇General principles t|
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○Plan and perform audits with an attitude of professional skepticism yq NzdzX
○Audit risks = inherent risk × control risk × detection risk 82]vkU
(1) Inherent risk refers to the likelihood of material misstatement of an assertion, assuming no related internal control. This risk differs by account and assertion. UGuxV+Nwf
(2) Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control. This risk is assessed using the results of tests of control. &d5ia+#
(3) Detection risk is the likelihood that an auditor’s procedures lead to an improper conclusion that no material misstatement exists in an assertion when in fact such a misstatement does exist. The auditor’s substantive tests are primarily relied upon to restrict detection risk. ^8@Iyh
○Risk-based approach H8`(O"V
◇Understanding the entity and knowledge of the business |"9 #bU
The CPA should obtain a level of knowledge of the client’s business that will enable effective planning and performance of the audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. This knowledge helps the auditor in $.GOZqMs
(1) Identifying areas that may need special consideration dV
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(2) Assessing conditions under which accounting data are produced, processed, reviewed and accumulated *
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(3) Evaluating accounting estimates for reasonableness (e.g., valuation of inventories, depreciation, allowance for doubtful accounts, percentage of completion of long-term contracts)
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(4) Evaluating the reasonableness of management representations FN%m0"/Z{t
(5) Making judgments about the appropriateness of the accounting principles applied and the adequacy of disclosures Ns[ym>x#2
◇Assessing the risks of material misstatement and fraud @$2))g`
○Materiality (level), tolerable error 5GPo*Qpl
◇Analytical procedures TM|)Ljm
Analytical procedures are normally used at three stages of the audit: (1) planning, (2) substantive testing, and (3) overall review at the conclusion of an audit. They are required during the planning and overall review stages. y;AL'vm9
Analytical procedures used for 3 purposes: 8krpowVs~
(1) Planning nature, timing, and extent of other auditing procedures hQDTS>U
(2) Substantive tests about particular assertions CBD6b l|A
(3) Overall review in the final stage of audit ^-[ ?#]
◇Planning an audit NbGV1q']
◇Audit documentation: working papers L0tAgW!@
◇The work of others hweaGL t0
○Rely on the work of experts T7d9ChU\#.
○Rely on the work of internal audit nE^Qy=iE
3. Internal control zdEPDdB
Internal control is a process effected by an entity’s board of directors, management, and other personnel—designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories: (1) reliability of financial reporting, (2) effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and (3) compliance with applicable laws and regulations. OKvPL=~
Five components of internal control rJ!{/3e
(1) control environment kr9gK~
(2) risk assessment S.d^T](
(3) control activities
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(4) information and communication Gsc\/4Wx
(5) monitoring \a=D
◇The evaluation of internal control systems 3,Q^&
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○Tests of control XFh>U7z.
○Substantive procedures (time, nature, extent) a
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◇Transaction cycles: revenue, purchases, inventory, etc. !grVR157P
4. Audit evidence Y"6w,_'m
◇Obtain sufficient, appropriate audit evidence yH<$k^0r*
◇Assertions contained in the financial statements: completeness, occurrence, existence, measurement, presentation and disclosure, rights and obligations, valuation fuB)qt!E
◇The audit of specific items UD)e:G[Gat
○Receivables: confirmation S>0nx ^P
○Inventory: counting, cut-off, confirmation of inventory held by third parties W5' 3$,X9
○Payables: supplier statement reconciliation, confirmation `)Z!V?&