Auditing 1. Assurance engagements and external audit CsR$c,8X.
◇Materiality, true and fair presentation, reasonable assurance 9L?.m&
Materiality is the magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in the light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement. An auditor must consider materiality both in (1) planning the audit and designing audit procedures and (2) evaluating audit results. Fyx|z'4b
◇Appointment, removal and resignation of auditors M)+H{5bt
◇Types of opinion: standard unqualified opinion, Unqualified with additional explanatory language, qualified opinion, adverse opinion, disclaimer of opinion `AtBtjs RV
◇Professional ethics: independence, objectivity, integrity, professional competence, due care, confidentiality, professional behavior X7MM2V
◇Engagement letter n)-$e4u2
2. Planning and risk assessment oulVg];
◇General principles 4[r0G+
○Plan and perform audits with an attitude of professional skepticism 'F3f+YD
○Audit risks = inherent risk × control risk × detection risk 2;`1h[,-^
(1) Inherent risk refers to the likelihood of material misstatement of an assertion, assuming no related internal control. This risk differs by account and assertion. _Ey9G
(2) Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control. This risk is assessed using the results of tests of control. _/$Bpr{R
(3) Detection risk is the likelihood that an auditor’s procedures lead to an improper conclusion that no material misstatement exists in an assertion when in fact such a misstatement does exist. The auditor’s substantive tests are primarily relied upon to restrict detection risk.
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○Risk-based approach J1|\Q:-7p
◇Understanding the entity and knowledge of the business \ZFGw&yN
The CPA should obtain a level of knowledge of the client’s business that will enable effective planning and performance of the audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. This knowledge helps the auditor in ,kGc]{'W
(1) Identifying areas that may need special consideration /4V#C-
(2) Assessing conditions under which accounting data are produced, processed, reviewed and accumulated 6I4\q.^qw
(3) Evaluating accounting estimates for reasonableness (e.g., valuation of inventories, depreciation, allowance for doubtful accounts, percentage of completion of long-term contracts) iC32nY?
(4) Evaluating the reasonableness of management representations #U4F0BdA
(5) Making judgments about the appropriateness of the accounting principles applied and the adequacy of disclosures 3
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◇Assessing the risks of material misstatement and fraud :{v#'U/^
○Materiality (level), tolerable error Yui3+}Ms
◇Analytical procedures [T
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Analytical procedures are normally used at three stages of the audit: (1) planning, (2) substantive testing, and (3) overall review at the conclusion of an audit. They are required during the planning and overall review stages. {X+3;&