Auditing 1. Assurance engagements and external audit se2ay_<F+
◇Materiality, true and fair presentation, reasonable assurance L'M'I0"/
Materiality is the magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in the light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement. An auditor must consider materiality both in (1) planning the audit and designing audit procedures and (2) evaluating audit results. Hn+w
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◇Appointment, removal and resignation of auditors @|sDb?J
◇Types of opinion: standard unqualified opinion, Unqualified with additional explanatory language, qualified opinion, adverse opinion, disclaimer of opinion /Ii a >XY
◇Professional ethics: independence, objectivity, integrity, professional competence, due care, confidentiality, professional behavior *H8(G%a!^
◇Engagement letter lku}I4
2. Planning and risk assessment eKsc ["
◇General principles fo@2@
○Plan and perform audits with an attitude of professional skepticism ]X%T^3%G
○Audit risks = inherent risk × control risk × detection risk }j;*7x8(
(1) Inherent risk refers to the likelihood of material misstatement of an assertion, assuming no related internal control. This risk differs by account and assertion. $n.oY5=\
(2) Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control. This risk is assessed using the results of tests of control. v47Y7s:uQ
(3) Detection risk is the likelihood that an auditor’s procedures lead to an improper conclusion that no material misstatement exists in an assertion when in fact such a misstatement does exist. The auditor’s substantive tests are primarily relied upon to restrict detection risk. )OpB\k
○Risk-based approach $9)| cO
◇Understanding the entity and knowledge of the business PRa#;W
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The CPA should obtain a level of knowledge of the client’s business that will enable effective planning and performance of the audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. This knowledge helps the auditor in O0
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(1) Identifying areas that may need special consideration hE@s~~JYd
(2) Assessing conditions under which accounting data are produced, processed, reviewed and accumulated ;Sl]8IZ
(3) Evaluating accounting estimates for reasonableness (e.g., valuation of inventories, depreciation, allowance for doubtful accounts, percentage of completion of long-term contracts) Ev+m+
(4) Evaluating the reasonableness of management representations vau0Jn%=ck
(5) Making judgments about the appropriateness of the accounting principles applied and the adequacy of disclosures )%FRBO]
◇Assessing the risks of material misstatement and fraud 6qp2C]9=
○Materiality (level), tolerable error z]:{ruvH
◇Analytical procedures 9Kf# jZ
Analytical procedures are normally used at three stages of the audit: (1) planning, (2) substantive testing, and (3) overall review at the conclusion of an audit. They are required during the planning and overall review stages. 1w*DU9f
Analytical procedures used for 3 purposes: 4EQ-48h17
(1) Planning nature, timing, and extent of other auditing procedures KG=h!]Meq
(2) Substantive tests about particular assertions 8&+m5xS
(3) Overall review in the final stage of audit I*hCIy#;
◇Planning an audit ^U OVXRn
◇Audit documentation: working papers ?Zu2=<DU
◇The work of others 0<(F
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○Rely on the work of experts HuzHXn)
○Rely on the work of internal audit {kVhht]X
3. Internal control 9=D09@A%e
Internal control is a process effected by an entity’s board of directors, management, and other personnel—designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories: (1) reliability of financial reporting, (2) effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and (3) compliance with applicable laws and regulations. FyY<Vx'yQ
Five components of internal control 6_1v~#
(1) control environment 2?J[D7
(2) risk assessment XpS].P9
(3) control activities `0'Bg2'
(4) information and communication AT$eTZ]M
(5) monitoring *PEk+e
◇The evaluation of internal control systems &