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[专业英语]2011年注册会计师考试常见英语单词辅导（十一） [复制链接]

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      2011年注册会计师考试常见英语单词辅导（十一），Different audit evidence provides different degrees of assurance to the auditor. When evidence can be obtained from independent sources outside an entity, it provides greater assurance of reliability for an independent audit than that secured solely in the entity. More effective internal controls provide more assurance about reliability of the accounting data and financial statements. The independent auditors direct personal

299. Reliable (reliability) Different audit evidence provides different  degrees of assurance to the auditor. When evidence can be obtained from  independent sources outside an entity, it provides greater assurance of  reliability for an independent audit than that secured solely in the entity.  More effective internal controls provide more assurance about reliability of the  accounting data and financial statements. The independent auditors direct  personal knowledge, obtained through physical examination, observation,  computation, and inspection, is more persuasive than information obtained  indirectly.
300. Remittance Sending money to someone at a distance. A remittance advice  is a paper record of the amount sent, purpose of the payment, and associated  account identification.
301. Remote A contingency with only a slight chance of occurring. In computer  processing of information, a distant computer.
302. Reperformance The repeating by the auditor of a computation made by the  client to check its accuracy.
303. Reportable condition Matters coming to the auditors attention that are  communicated to the audit committee because they are significant deficiencies in  internal control which could adversely affect the organizations ability to  record, process, summarize, and report financial data.
304. Representation A letter from management to the auditor representing that  the financial statements are fairly presented. The letter is addressed to the  independent auditor, and dated at the date of the auditors report. It is signed  by members of management whom the auditor believes are responsible for, and  knowledgeable about, matters covered (chief executive officer and chief  financial officer).
305. Requisition A formal written request for something needed. A purchase by  a company is often initiated internally by a requisition, which results in the  issuance of a purchase order to the outside supplier.
306. Revenue cycle The portion of a company that fills customer orders,  accounts for receivables, and collects those receivables.
307. Review To examine again. The overall review of audit working papers is  completed after field work. A peer review is a practice monitoring program in  which the working papers of one CPA firm are periodically reviewed by  independent partners of other firms to determine that the working papers conform  to professional standards. An analytical review is a type of substantive audit  procedure. A review of the financial statements of a nonpublic company is an  engagement that results in the expression of less assurance than an audit, but  more than in a compilation. A review of the interim financial statements of a  public company consists of analytical procedures and inquiries.
308. Rights Assertions about rights deal with whether the entity has rights  to the asset at a given date. For example, management asserts that amounts  capitalized for leases in the balance sheet represent the cost of the entitys  rights to leased property.
309. Risk analysis
310. An analysis of the possibility of suffering loss.
311. Sample size The number of population items selected when a sample is  drawn from a population.
312. Sampling error Unless the auditor examines 100% of the population, there  is always some chance the sample results will mislead the auditor. This risk is  sampling error. The larger the sample, the less chance of sampling error and the  greater the reliability of the results.
313. Sampling risk The possibility that conclusions drawn from the sample may  not represent correct conclusions for the entire population.
314. Sas "Statements on Auditing Standards" are interpretations of U.S.  generally accepted auditing standards.
315. Scope The type of engagement. The scope of an engagement might be a  review, an audit, or a compilation. A scope limitation is a restriction on the  evidence the auditor can gather.
316. Scope paragraph The paragraph in the audit report that explains the  scope of the engagement. The wording of the standard scope paragraph is: "We  conducted our audit in accordance with U.S. generally accepted auditing  standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain  reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material  misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting  the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes  assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by  management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.  We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion."
317. Sec The Securities and Exchange Commission is an agency that administers  Federal securities laws. These laws require disclosure of information about  publicly traded securities. The SEC requires that businesses disclose facts and  investigates securities fraud. It regulates securities exchanges and  brokers.
318. Second request When an auditor confirms receivables some customers of  the client fail to respond to the first confirmation request. Another request  sent to the same customers is the second request.
319. Secured transaction Right to repossess goods as security for payment of  a debt.
320. Segregation of duties means assigning different people the  responsibilities of authorizing transactions, recording transactions, and  maintaining custody of assets. Segregation of duties reduces the opportunities  for one person to both perpetrate and conceal errors or fraud.
321. Self-checking digit An extra digit is added to a number. The extra digit  is computed from the other digits in the number. The computer program can then  check input by recomputing and comparing the check digit. This is a useful  control over the input of account numbers.
322. Service auditor The auditor of an organization that provides services  such as data processing or pension trust administration to other organizations  (the users). Auditors of the users (user auditors) rely on a report from the  service auditor about controls in the service organization that apply to the  financial statements of the user organization they are auditing.
323. Shipping document A document prepared when goods are shipped. It  identifies the date shipped, the customer, the method of shipment, and the  quantity and specifications of goods shipped.
324. Simulation Representation of the operation or features of one process or  system through the use of another. Computer simulation of waiting lines can aid  in determining the number of employees needed to serve customers at a particular  time of day.
325. Single audit act This federal legislation requires state and local  governments that receive federal aid of $300,000 or more in a fiscal year to  have an audit under the act. A government that receives from $25,000 to $300,000  has the option of an audit under the act or with specific federal laws and  regulations of programs in which the government participates. State and local  governments receiving less than $25,000 in federal aid need not have an audit.  Under the Single Audit Act, auditors report whether the audited entity has  followed laws and regulations that may have a material effect on each major  federal aid program.
326. Software Programs and languages that control computer hardware.
327. Specialist An expert at activities not usually done by auditors (such as  an appraiser for valuation).
328. Ssars Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services (SSARS)  are pronouncements concerning unaudited financial information of a nonpublic  entity. They are issued by the AICPA Accounting and Review Services  Committee.
329. Standard deviation A statistic used to measure dispersion equal to the  square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations from the  arithmetic mean.
330. Statistical Making inferences in uncertain situations using applied  mathematics. Measurements from a small group, the sample, are used to infer the  behavior of a larger group, the population. Probability theory determines how  well the sample represents the population.
331. Stop-or-go sampling Taking a sample from a population and checking after  each sample item is drawn whether the sample supports a desired conclusion.  Sampling ceases as soon as that conclusion is supported.
332. Stratify To arrange a population or a sample in distinct layers.  Stratified sampling is used in auditing to select a greater percentage of  accounts with high balances than of accounts with low balances.
333. Subject to Years ago there was a type of qualified audit opinion that  was worded "In our opinion, subject to....." Auditors are no longer permitted to  issue such opinions.
334. Subsequent events affect the client and occur between the balance sheet  date and issuance of the audit report. Some such events provide additional  evidence about conditions that existed at the balance sheet date, such as the  bankruptcy of a customer with a history of financial difficulty. The financial  statements are adjusted to reflect this evidence. Evidence about conditions that  did not exist at the balance sheet date, such as fire that destroyed the clients  plant after the balance sheet date, may be so significant as to require  disclosure. General conditions, such as a war, do not require disclosure, even  if they have a major impact on financial statements. Such items are public  knowledge.
335. Subsidiary ledger The detailed information which totals to the balance  in the general ledger account. The total of all customer accounts receivable  included in the subsidiary ledger of accounts receivable is the balance in the  general ledger accounts receivable account.
336. Substantiated
337. Supported with proof or evidence.
338. Substantive A substantive audit procedure is a direct test of a  financial statement balance.
339. Successor auditor The auditor of a client for the current year when that  client had another auditor in prior years. The auditor who is no longer the  auditor of that client is the predecessor auditor.
340. Sufficiency
341. (Sufficient) A measure of the quantity of audit evidence. The  independent auditors objective is to obtain sufficient competent evidence to  provide a reasonable basis for forming an opinion.
342. Supervise Supervision is directing efforts of assistants in the audit  and determining whether objectives were accomplished. Elements of supervision  include instructing assistants, keeping informed of problems, reviewing work  performed, and dealing with differences of opinion among firm personnel. The  appropriate extent of supervision depends on the complexity of subject matter  and qualifications of persons performing the work.
343. Suppliers provide goods or services to an audited entity. Sometimes  called vendors.
344. Test A sample from a population to estimate characteristics of the  population.
345. Test count As part of inventory audit procedures auditors normally  observe the clients employees counting physical inventory. A test count is  inventory counted by the auditors to check the clients count.
346. Test data is run through a computer program to test the software. Test  data can be used to test compliance with controls in the software.
347. Test of controls (tests of the operating effectiveness of internal  controls) Auditors evaluate the design of controls, then determine if the  controls are in operation. In order to rely on the controls they must also  obtain evidence as to whether the controls are operating effectively.
348. Test of detail Direct tests of financial statement balances (substantive  audit procedures) that are not analytical procedures. If tests of details are  performed as tests of controls as well as substantive tests they are  "dual-purpose" tests.
349. Tick marks in audit work papers are footnotes represented by a symbol  instead of by a number. They indicate procedures that have been carried out on  specific items in the work papers.
350. Times interest earned Income before interest and taxes divided by  interest expense.
351. Tolerable deviation rate is the maximum rate of deviation from an  internal control that will allow the auditor to place the planned reliance on  that control.
352. Tolerable misstatement When planning a sample for a substantive test of  details, the auditor considers how much monetary misstatement may exist without  causing the financial statements to be materially misstated. This maximum  misstatement is called tolerable misstatement for the sample.
353. Trace Follow a transaction through the steps of the system.
354. Treasurer The officer who controls the entitys funds. The treasurer  normally signs checks and is responsible for cash management.
355. Treasury stock is stock of the corporation that has been issued and  later reacquired. It is not an asset. It is a reduction of stockholders equity.  Treasury stock can be recorded at either its cost or its par value.
356. Trend analysis An analysis of the change in something over time.  Analytical procedures which compare financial statement ratios of different  years are an example of trend analysis.
357. Trial balance A statement of open debit and credit accounts in a ledger  to test their equality.
358. Turnover Inventory turnover is a measure of the time from receipt of  inventory to its sale. It is found by dividing cost of sales by average  inventory. Receivables turnover is a measure of the time it takes collects to  collect receivables. It is found by dividing net credit sales by average net  receivables. Employee turnover is the rate at which new employees replace old  employees.
359. Unqualified An audit opinion that the financial statements as a whole  are in conformity with U.S. GAAP.
360. Update (updated) If an auditor notices events that affect financial  statements on which an audit report has been issued, they are considered when  updating the report on the prior statements. If those statements are changed,  the report says they have been restated and expresses the appropriate opinion.  If an updated opinion differs from the previous opinion, an explanatory  paragraph preceding the opinion paragraph explains that the report has been  updated, discloses the date and type of opinion previously expressed, and events  that caused the revision.
361. User auditor A “service auditor” is the auditor of an organization that  provides services such as data processing or pension trust administration to  other organizations (the users). Auditors of the users (user auditors) rely on a  report from the service auditor about controls in the service organization that  apply to financial statements of the user organization they are auditing.
362. Validity check A software control over the input of data to a computer  system. In a validity check, data is compared with the type of data properly  included in each input field, e.g., only letters in a name field.
363. Valuation An assertion made by management that each asset and liability  is recorded at an appropriate carrying value.
364. Value-added network
365. A telecommunications network providing communication facilities, which  enhance basic telecommunications services. They add value by passing, storing  and converting messages. Also known as service providers and EDI service  providers. May be operated by a clearing house, an organization that provides  message/file collection, routing and distribution service on behalf of other  organizations.
366. Variable sampling The characteristic tested has many possible values  (such as dollar value of inventory).
367. Variance A statistical measure of dispersion in a population. The  variance is the square of the standard deviation. The standard deviation equals  the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of deviations from the  arithmetic mean.
368. Vendors provide goods or services to an audited entity. Also called  suppliers.
369. Verify (verification)
370. Prove accuracy of numbers or existence of assets.
371. Vouch Prove accuracy of accounting entries by tracing to supporting  documents.
372. Voucher A document in support of an expenditure. The signature of an  appropriate official on the voucher is authorization for the treasurer to issue  a check.
373. Working papers are records kept by the auditor of procedures applied,  tests performed, information obtained, and pertinent conclusions reached in the  engagement. Working papers provide the principal support for the auditors  report.
374. Write-off Cancellation of part or all of a balance. Costs incurred which  have no future utility are charged (written-off) to an expense or loss account,  not carried forward as an asset.
375. Write-up In dollar terms a write-up is an intentional over-valuation of  assets. In narrative terms a write-up is a written description of something or  some event.